Nightingale English Course
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English Sentence Structure e English Structure Practices
Esses livros foram escritos por professores de inglês da Universidade de Michigan, especialmente para estrangeiros. Têm o objetivo de oferecer um método rápido e prático para aprender inglês.
Summit
Um respeitado curso de seis níveis de comunicação para adultos e jovens. Prepara o estudante para interagir com sucesso com aqueles que falam o inglês de forma nativa ou não.
Market Leader
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Showing posts with label Grammar Tips. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Grammar Tips. Show all posts
Wednesday, January 28, 2015
IF X WHETHER
IF
x WHETHER: qual é a diferença entre elas?
Quando usamos if
x whether para significar “se”? São sinônimos? Podemos
usar um no lugar do outro sem problemas?
1.
Perguntas indiretas
Podemos
usar, em geral, a dupla if x whether para
introduzir perguntas indiretas de sim ou não.
§ I’m not sure whether / if
I’ll have the time.
§ I asked whether / if she
had any news for me.
Depois
de alguns verbos, whether é preferida a if.
§ We discussed whether we
should go away for the weekend.
Em
um estilo formal, whether é normalmente preferida em perguntas
de duas partes com or.
§ Let me know whether you
will be there or not (…if you will be there é também possível).
§ The managers haven’t
decided whether they will recommend expansion or purchase another company.
2. Preposições
Após
preposições, somente whether é possível.
§ We had a big argument about
whether we should take a vacation.
§ He hasn’t decided the
question of whether to stay here or go home.
3. Infinitivos
Whether, e não if, é usada antes de
infinitivos com to.
§ They can’t decide whether
to get married this year or next.
4. Sujeito, complemento e adverbial
clauses
Quando
for o sujeito ou complemento, whether é a
palavra normalmente escolhida.
§ Whether she can stay with
us is another thing entirely (sujeito).
§ The question is whether he
can be trusted (complemento).
Num
estilo bastante informal if é, às vezes, possível.
§ The question is if he can
be trusted.
Monday, January 5, 2015
Writing Business Letters
1. When we are writing to friends or family members we can write in an informal way. We can use casual language and abbreviations.
2. When we are writing to companies, a boss or someone you don´t know, we need to use standard formal language. We should use regular spelling and punctuation rules. The formal letters are usually typewritten. They are not handwritten.
WRITING MODEL EXAMPLE:
SALUTATIONS AND CLOSINGS:
Formal Salutations:
1. Dear { Mr. / Mrs. / Ms. / Dr.
2. Dear Sir or Madam
3. To whom it may concern
Formal Closings:
Sincerely,
Respectfully (yours),
Cordially,
2. When we are writing to companies, a boss or someone you don´t know, we need to use standard formal language. We should use regular spelling and punctuation rules. The formal letters are usually typewritten. They are not handwritten.
WRITING MODEL EXAMPLE:
(click on the image to make it bigger)
Formal Salutations:
1. Dear { Mr. / Mrs. / Ms. / Dr.
2. Dear Sir or Madam
3. To whom it may concern
Formal Closings:
Sincerely,
Respectfully (yours),
Cordially,
Thursday, September 13, 2012
Five Basic Rules to Learn 400 Words in English!!
How can I learn how to write 400 words in English in just a minute?
Just follow the simple elementary rules .
I want you to understand that the rules below have one or more exceptions, which demonstrates two things: first that such exceptions only serve to confirm the rules precisely, and second it is very preferable to make a mistake one time or another and learn 400 words in English in one minute, than be concerned with the rare exception ... and not learn anything.
Rule 1 CHANGE "DADE" TO "TY"
This rule does not work for words like verdade, idade, felicidade. Remember that, there are thousands of exceptions to the rules posted here.
For all Portuguese words ending in DADE (as the word cidade) remove DADE and put in its place TY this CIDADE became CITY. Let us now see some of the hundred and so many words that you have already learned in these first twenty seconds of reading this article:
CIDADE = CITY
VELOCIDADE = VELOCITY
SIMPLICIDADE = SIMPLICITY
NATURALIDADE = NATURALITY
CAPACIDADE = CAPACITY
Rule 2 CHANGE "ÇÃO" TO "TION"
For more exceptions, this rule does not work for words such as: coração, refeição, ação and so on.
For all Portuguese words ending in "TION" (as in the word NA-ÇÃO) take out "ÇÃO and add "TION" this way NAÇÃO becomes NATION.
Let us now see some of the hundreds of words in which the vast majority of them apply to this rule:
SIMPLIFICAÇÃO = SIMPLIFICATION
NAÇÃO = NATION
VAÇÃO = OBSERVATION
NATURALIZAÇÃO = NATURALIZATION
SENSAÇÃO = SENSATION
Rule 3 CHANGE "MENTE" TO "LLY"
Exceptions: demente, futuramente among others.
For adverbs ending in "MENTE" (as the word NATURALMENTE), take the "MENTE" out and in its place put "LLY" (so the word became NATURALLY. In Portuguese when the radical ends in "L" as TOTALMENTE, You just need to add to the word in English "LY"). Here are some of them:
NATURALMENTE = NATURALLY
GENETICAMENTE = GENETICALLY
ORALMENTE = ORALLY
Rule 4 CHANGE "ÊNCIA" TO "ENCE"
For words ending in “”(as in the case of ESSÊNCIA), take away "ÊNCIA" and in its place put "ENCE". Here are some of them below:
ESSÊNCE = ESSENCE
REVERÊNCE = REVERENCE
FREQUÊNCY = FREQUENCE
ELOQUÊNCIA = ELOQUENCE
Rule 5 CHANGE "AL" TO "AL"
In this rule we find words that end in "AL" (as in the word GENERAL) nothing changes, you can write exactly what you find in Portuguese the same way in English.
Here are some examples:
NATURAL = NATURAL
TOTAL = TOTAL
GENERAL = GENERAL
FATAL = FATAL
SENSUAL = SENSUAL
As you have just seen, it was not necessary to spend more than a minute to learn 400 words in English.
Author's Tip: Giudicelli Mario, journalist.
Wednesday, August 22, 2012
English Conversation 2- Past Tense Irregular verbs
Look and see these examples!
They are good to practice!
They are good to practice!
Listen and repeat them to get the right pronunciation!
Tuesday, August 7, 2012
How can we understand the order of pronouns better?
I believe everybody has seen this picture many times in the sports column.
Do you remember this? Well, I do and I use it to explain the order of pronouns in sentences.
I can say for example:
I like to see my girlfriend!!!
personal pronoun possessive pronoun
My car is the best, its a Volkswagen (... it´s mine)!!
possessive pronoun
And I can use the pronouns is the same sequence as in the picture above.
In the first column we can find the personal pronouns
(I, you, he, she it, we you they)
In the second column we find the possessive pronouns
(my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)
In the third column we find the object pronoun
(me, you, him, her, it us, you, them)
He likes to see her.
He works with me.
1st 3rd
I would like to take my friend with me.
1st 2nd 3rd
Friday, June 22, 2012
Saturday, April 14, 2012
Wednesday, January 4, 2012
Who- Grammar Tips 3
While teaching I understood something interesting that I want to share with you....
We know that there are two ways of saying something with the wh word who.
We can ask: Who does Jane see everyday?
Wh word aux subject verb
And…. Who sees Mary everyday?
Wh verb subject
You see there is a difference, and I asked myself the reason why, but I didn´t understand it until I looked at the sequence of the words in the sentence.
When I ask: Who does Jane see?
I have a wh word + auxiliary + noun + verb….
Now let´s look at this sentence:
Who sees Mary everyday?
Here we find a different order of words. Wh word + verb + noun
Then I understood!
Check this sentence out.
Do you see Mary?
What is the word sequence?
It´s the auxilary word + subject + verb + noun.
When you use an auxiliary word... a noun needs to follow it and then the verb .
When you use a verb first and then a subject, (the auxiliary doesn´t appear.)
Now it’s easy!!!
If this information was useful, let us know about it.
If you have any grammar questions, ask us and we will be glad to explain it!!!
Monday, January 2, 2012
Hint # 02 Prepositions
Hint # 02
PREPOSITION HINTS
Sometimes we don´t know when to use TO or FOR.
Look at this explanation that was taken out of English Sentence Structure:
Words that use TO:
send, give, pass, sell, send, tell, explain, lend, ask, read, describe, introduce, repeat, announce, report, suggest, speak, say, prove, mention, introduce, teach and explain.
Words that use FOR:
( For is usually used when somebody does something for someone)
ask, prescribe, buy, get, make, find, do, open, answer, close, cash pronounce and prescribe.
Examples:
I will send a book to you.
I will buy a book for you.
PREPOSITION HINTS
Sometimes we don´t know when to use TO or FOR.
Look at this explanation that was taken out of English Sentence Structure:
Words that use TO:
send, give, pass, sell, send, tell, explain, lend, ask, read, describe, introduce, repeat, announce, report, suggest, speak, say, prove, mention, introduce, teach and explain.
Words that use FOR:
( For is usually used when somebody does something for someone)
ask, prescribe, buy, get, make, find, do, open, answer, close, cash pronounce and prescribe.
Examples:
I will send a book to you.
I will buy a book for you.
















